The difference in N metabolism between NAD(P)H-specific NR-deficient mutant and wild-type barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Abstract

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important crop for cereal research. In this study, two barley genotypes the wild-type (Steptoe) and the mutant (Az12) were used. An experiment was conducted using ¹⁵N-tracing method to NADH-specific nitrate reductase (NR)-deficient mutant seedling of barley. The N-depleted seedlings were exposed to a nutrient solution containing nitrate and nitrite, and were labeled with ¹⁵N for 38?h under (14?L/10D) cycles. The two genotypes utilized ¹⁵NO₃^? and accumulated it as reduced ¹⁵N, predominately in the shoots. However, nitrate reduction in the Az12 shoots was 9% lower than that in the Steptoe shoots at 38?h. As a result, in the Az12, nitrate accumulation in shoots was 78% higher than that in the Steptoe. Accumulation of reduced ¹⁵N in the Az12 roots was nearly similar to that of the Steptoe roots, but 8% lower in the Az12 shoots than in the Steptoe shoots at the end of the experiment. Also for both genotypes, root contribution increased during L/D cycles and decreased during the subsequent light cycle. Upward transport of reduced ¹⁵N via the xylem in the Az12 was nearly two times higher than that in Steptoe during the second light period (24–38?h). In both genotypes, xylem transport of reduced ¹⁵N was far exceeded the downward phloem transport. Abbreviations Anl accumulation of reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO₃^? in non-labeled roots of split roots

Ar accumulation in roots of reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO₃^?

As accumulation in shoots of reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO₃^?

Rr ¹⁵NO₃^? reduction in roots

Rs ¹⁵NO₃^? reduction in shoots

Tp translocation to root of shoot reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO₃^? in phloem

Tx translocation to shoot of root-reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO₃^? in xylem

FW fresh weight

     

稻田秸秆还田的土壤增碳及温室气体排放效应和机理研究进展

秸秆还田是水稻生产中普遍采用的一项措施,具有固碳和促进养分元素循环、减少生产中的化肥施用等生态环境功能,但亦存在温室气体排放问题。鉴于秸秆还田对稻田产生固碳和温室气体增排的双重效果,本文综述了稻田生态系统秸秆资源利用现状,探讨了秸秆还田的土壤增碳效应,总结了秸秆还田下的温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)排放过程及其微生物过程机理。提出了应加强秸秆还田增碳过程中的物理–化学过程与微生物过程的耦合机理及其对固碳功能的作用机理、稻田温室气体产生机制与控制途径的研究,以实现稻田土壤固碳减排增汇和增产的共轭双赢作用。     

The Effect of Nitrogen Catch Crops on the Nitrogen Nutrition of a Succeeding Crop: I. Effects through Mineralization and Pre-emptive Competition

Abstract

The effects of catch crops on the nitrogen nutrition of a succeeding carrot crop were investigated. An attempt was made to distinguish the effects of growth and nitrogen uptake by the catch crop from the effect of mineralization of its residues. It was found that growth and nitrogen uptake by catch crops could reduce the nitrogen supply to the succeeding carrot crop through pre-emptive competition, whereas mineralization of nitrogen from the catch crop residues increased the nitrogen supply to the carrot crop. Nitrogen uptake by the carrots was thus highest where catch crop residues were incorporated on plots where no catch crop had been grown. The effect of the mineralization was found mainly to influence topsoil mineral nitrogen contents and the early nitrogen uptake by carrots, whereas the effect of pre-emptive competition was to reduce subsoil mineral nitrogen content and the nitrogen uptake by carrots late in the growing season. The apparent recovery of catch crop nitrogen by carrots was between 8 and 33%.     

稻草不同还田方式对双季水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,设置施肥区稻草还田（NPK+S）、 稻草烧灰还田（NPK+SI）和稻草不还田（NPK）以及相对应的不施肥区对照共6个处理,研究了不同稻草还田方式对双季水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明, 在施用等量氮、 磷、 钾养分条件下, NPK+S处理具有提高早稻分蘖数及成穗率、 中后期叶面积指数及地上部干物质量,增加叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）, 增加水稻单位面积有效穗数的显著作用,但对晚稻的作用不明显; 早稻NPK+S处理的产量较其他两个处理两年平均增幅为3.78%~8.77%, 晚稻随着稻草还田次数的增加,NPK+S与NPK+SI处理的产量趋于接近,但较NPK处理增产5.66%~7.32%。不施肥条件下,稻草还田（CK+S）处理对早、 晚稻生长发育的影响明显大于稻草烧灰还田（CK+SI）和稻草不还田（CK）, 且其早、 晚稻产量也极显著高于后两个处理。研究还发现,稻草还田能提高早、 晚稻的稻米食味品质,但降低其外观品质和营养品质以及晚稻稻米的加工品质。以上结果说明,进行稻草全量还田对持续提高双季水稻产量具有重要意义。     

东北冷凉地区秸秆还田方式对水稻光合、干物质积累及氮素吸收的影响

为探讨东北冷凉地区水稻秸秆适宜的还田方式,开展大田定位试验,研究了秸秆直接还田和炭化还田对水稻光合能力、干物质积累的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥条件下2种还田方式均能促进水稻地上部干物质积累,尤其是炭化还田在成熟期较直接还田干物质积累更多;不施用氮肥条件下炭化还田地上部干物质积累量有增加趋势,但直接还田与对照相比却降低了地上部干物质量。2种还田方式都有提高氮肥利用率的趋势,炭化还田和直接还田的氮肥利用率分别为59%和56%。     

秸秆氨化还田对农田水分与夏玉米产量的影响

寻求秸秆资源的有效还田方式对干旱半干旱区农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文于2014年和2015年在夏玉米全生育期设置2个秸秆氨化水平（A0:未氨化冬小麦秸秆,A1:氨化冬小麦秸秆）和2个秸秆长度水平（L0:粉碎为短秸秆,L1:大于50mm冬小麦长秸秆）翻压还田,分析不同预处理秸秆还田条件下夏玉米全生育期株高、叶面积指数、地上部生物量、冠层覆盖度等生长指标以及土壤贮水量、耗水量、产量和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,2年夏玉米氨化短秸秆翻压还田处理（A1L0）平均土壤体积含水率较未氨化长秸秆处理（A0L1）分别提高了10.7%和6.4%;氨化处理土壤体积含水率明显高于未氨化处理,但不同处理间耗水量差异较小;夏玉米灌浆期氨化短秸秆翻压还田处理（A1L0）的平均冠层覆盖度（CC）比其他处理高3.7%~10.7%;成熟期氨化短秸秆翻压还田处理（A1L0）的平均地上部干物质量比其他处理高 2.1%~9.5%,平均产量比其他处理增加2.8%~9.1%,平均水分利用效率比其他处理增加1.7%~7.4%;氨化短秸秆翻压还田处理（A1L0）能显著提高夏玉米地上部生物量与籽粒产量。因此,氨化短秸秆翻压还田能有效促进夏玉米生长,保持较好的土壤水分条件,有助于提高夏玉米产量和水分利用效率。     

秸秆还田与耕作方式对双季稻产量及土壤肥力质量的影响

中国南方双季稻区秸秆资源丰富,但秸秆还田与耕作制度的最佳组合方式目前尚不明确。通过连续3年的田间定位试验(2013—2015年),研究秸秆还田条件下不同耕作方式对双季稻产量及土壤肥力质量的影响。试验处理包括翻耕与秸秆不还田(CT)、翻耕与秸秆还田(CTS)、旋耕与秸秆还田(RTS)和免耕与秸秆还田(NTS)。结果表明:与CTS处理相比,CT和NTS处理早稻平均产量分别降低3.5%和5.2%,晚稻平均产量分别降低3.6%和6.4%,其中,NTS处理晚稻产量显著低于CTS处理(p0.05);与CTS处理相比,RTS处理早稻和晚稻平均产量分别增加6.1%和3.1%。秸秆还田条件下土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)均呈增加的趋势,其中,2015年CTS、RTS和NTS处理SOC、TN、AP和AK显著高于CT处理。与CT处理相比,NTS处理土壤容重(BD)增加4.9%(p0.05),CTS和RTS处理BD分别降低4.1%和5.2%,其中RTS处理显著低于CT处理。与CT处理相比,秸秆还田下CTS、RTS和NTS处理土壤p H分别降低1.9%、1.5%和2.5%,其中,CTS和NTS处理显著降低。CT处理土壤肥力质量呈下降的趋势,秸秆还田条件下各处理土壤肥力质量均呈提高的趋势,其中,2015年RTS处理分别高于CTS、NTS处理16.4%和80.4%。由此可见,在南方双季稻区,与常规翻耕和免耕相比,秸秆还田条件下,采用长期旋耕的方式能够进一步提高土壤肥力质量和水稻产量。     

Carbon and Nitrogen Amendments Lead to Differential Growth of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in a High-pH Soil

Microbial growth in soil is mostly limited by lack of carbon (C). However, adding fresh, C-rich litter can induce nitrogen (N) limitation. We studied the effect of alleviating C and N limitation in high-pH (> 8) soils, soils expected to favor bacterial over fungal growth. Nitrogen limitation was induced by incubating soils amended with C-rich substrate (starch or straw) for 4 weeks. Limiting nutrients and the effects of alleviating limitation were then studied by adding C (as glucose) or N (as NH₄NO₃) and measuring microbial growth and respiration after 4 d. In non-amended, C-limited soils, adding C but not N increased both microbial respiration and bacterial growth. In N-limited, substrate-amended soils, adding C increased respiration, whereas adding N increased both microbial respiration and growth. Inducing N limitation by amending with straw was most easily detected in increased fungal growth after the addition of N, whereas with starch, only bacterial growth responded to alleviating N limitation. Compared to earlier results using a low-pH soil, the effect of substrate used to induce N limitation was more important than pH for inducing bacterial or fungal growth after alleviating N limitation. Furthermore, we found no evidence that alleviating N limitation resulted in decreased respiration concomitant with increased microbial growth in soil, suggesting no drastic changes in C use efficiency.     

基于秸秆还田条件下辽北地区适宜耕作方式及施肥量研究

通过两年田间小区试验,在秸秆还田条件下,设不同耕作方式(旋耕、翻压和免耕)和还田周期(连年和隔年),研究不同秸秆还田模式和施肥量对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,与常规种植不还田相比,翻压还田处理显著降低耕层土壤容重,免耕还田处理显著增加耕层土壤含水率,秸秆还田提高土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾养分含量。连年翻压还田处理玉米穗部性状最优,子粒产量最高;其次为免耕还田处理,旋耕还田处理不利于玉米产量的提高。在同等氮肥施用水平下,秸秆还田处理使玉米产量显著提高,在此基础上增加氮肥投入量并未带来显著增产效应。相同秸秆还田条件下,减施50%钾肥处理的玉米子粒产量无显著变化。在辽北地区,秸秆还田配合翻压、免耕耕作措施能够改善土壤理化形状,有利于玉米稳产高产,连年翻压还田对玉米增产效应最理想,且秸秆还田配合适宜的化肥减量措施不仅能保证作物产量,可降低养分流失污染环境的风险。     

稻麦轮作下秸秆还田对稻麦产量和稻田可溶性有机碳含量的影响

为阐明稻麦轮作体系下秸秆还田对作物产量与稻田可溶性有机碳（DOC）的影响,通过连续2年盆栽试验研究了两种典型土壤（壤土和黏土）在无秸秆还田、半量秸秆还田、全量秸秆还田3种处理下稻麦产量和稻季土壤溶液DOC浓度的动态变化。结果表明,秸秆还田显著增加了两种土壤大多数处理的水稻产量,增幅1.6%~11.9%,其中全量秸秆还田的增产效果大于半量秸秆还田（第1年不显著,第2年显著）。秸秆还田对小麦产量的影响因土壤类型而异,壤土中小麦产量显著增加7.2%~10.6%（第1年）或增产不显著（第2年）,但全量秸秆还田和半量秸秆还田处理之间没有显著差异;黏土中小麦显著减产（5.0%~9.3%）,其中第2年的全量秸秆还田减产效应显著大于半量秸秆还田。秸秆还田及土壤类型显著影响水稻前期（烤田之前）的土壤溶液DOC浓度,全量秸秆还田、半量秸秆还田分别比无秸秆还田处理平均增加141.7%、61.9%,壤土比黏土平均增加89.6%;间歇淹水之后,所有秸秆还田处理及土壤类型的DOC浓度均迅速降低。总体上,秸秆还田对两种土壤的水稻增产都有利,但对黏土小麦增产不利,秸秆还田显著增加了稻田前期的DOC浓度,间歇淹水可以迅速降低稻田DOC浓度。